FR
EN
DE
Sign in to the Digital Toolbox
Already registered?
Caps Lock is on.
Remember Me
Log in
Forgot Password
Not yet registered?
Register
Looking for ‘My Albums’? Please click
here
.
Facebook
Twitter
Collections
Historical events
European organisations
Specific topics
Oral history
Projects
About us
FR
EN
Oral history of European integration
>
Oral history of European integration
>
AMATO (Giuliano)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, grand commis de l'État
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa and his work at the Italian Ministry of the Economy and Finance
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa: a networker
>
Transcription of the interview
>
BAHR (Egon)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Germany: from defeat to the beginnings of European integration
>
The new ‘Ostpolitik’ of Willy Brandt
>
The Federal Republic of Germany and European integration from 1966 to 1974
>
Franco-German relations from General de Gaulle to Georges Pompidou
>
Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt and European integration
>
BALDOCCI (Pasquale Antonio)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The Rome Treaties and the expectations of the Italian authorities
>
BARÓN CRESPO (Enrique)
>
Notice biographique
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Background and professional career during the transition and negotiations for accession to the European Communities
>
Theoretical influences on his pro-European approach
>
Key factors in the development of his commitment to human rights
>
Concomitance between the transition to democracy and the negotiations for Spain’s accession to the European Communities
>
The stages in his career at the European Parliament
>
The eastward enlargement of the European Union and the reunification of the continent after the Cold War
>
His experience in the Party of European Socialists
>
The information society, the European integration process and the development of participatory democracy in Europe
>
The principles of European federalism and the case of Spain’s autonomous communities
>
The Constitutional Treaty and the Treaty of Lisbon
>
The principles and values of the European integration process
>
Interinstitutional relations within the European Union
>
The external relations of the European Union — regional integration and the global dimension of the European integration process
>
Economic and Monetary Union
>
Spain and the European integration process
>
Transcription of the interview
>
BERNARD-REYMOND (Pierre)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
France’s European policy
>
The accession negotiations with Greece, Spain, Portugal and Romania
>
The development of the powers and role of the European Parliament
>
The French Senate and European issues
>
Future prospects of the European Union
>
Transcription of the interview
>
BERTHOIN (Georges)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The early days of the ECSC High Authority (1952–1955)
>
The High Authority’s relations with European industry and trade unions
>
The Association Agreement between the High Authority and the United Kingdom
>
The two failed British applications for accession to the Communities (1963 and 1967)
>
The empty chair crisis and the Luxembourg Compromise
>
The United Kingdom’s accession to the Communities in 1973
>
BORRELL FONTELLES (Josep)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The origins of his European vocation
>
The negotiations for Spain’s accession to the European Communities
>
His experience in the Spanish Cortes Joint Committee for European Union Affairs
>
The development of pro-European sentiment in Spain
>
His experience in the Convention on the Future of Europe
>
The Treaty of Lisbon, the economic crisis and the European Union’s foreign relations
>
His experience as President of the European Parliament — challenges, influences and future prospects
>
The eastward enlargement of the European Union and the borders of the European project
>
The contribution made by the Socialist Group in the European Parliament
>
Relations between the European Parliament and national parliaments
>
The role of the European Parliament in structuring institutional relations in the European Union
>
The challenge of communicating about the European project
>
Future plans
>
Spain’s contribution to the European integration process
>
Transcription of the interview
>
BREUER (Albert)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The logistical preparations for the Val Duchesse negotiations and the signing of the Rome Treaties
>
BRU PURÓN (Carlos María)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The origins and development of the Spanish Federal Council of the European Movement in Franco's Spain
>
The transition to democracy and Spain's accession to the European Communities
>
Experience in the European Parliament
>
The development of pro-European sentiment in Spain
>
The Spanish Federal Council of the European Movement and the challenges of today's Europe
>
European Union enlargement
>
The boundaries of European integration
>
European federalism and the Spanish autonomous model
>
New technologies and participatory democracy in Europe
>
Spain's contribution to the European integration process
>
Trancription of the interview
>
CAMDESSUS (Michel)
>
Interview conducted on 6 February 2015
>
Photos of the interview
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa’s activities at the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs
>
The Palais Royal initiative
>
Transcription of the interview
>
Interview conducted on 8 October 2015
>
Family background and education
>
The French Treasury and the European integration process
>
At the Banque de France
>
The IMF’s policy following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the global financial crises
>
The development of the international monetary system
>
CAMERON (Colin)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The role and operation of the WEU Assembly
>
The tasks of the WEU Assembly
>
Relations between the WEU Assembly and the WEU Council
>
Relations between the WEU Assembly and Secretary-General
>
The WEU Assembly’s contacts with WEAG and WEAO
>
The links between the WEU Assembly and other parliamentary assemblies
>
The military operations led by WEU
>
The WEU Assembly and the general public
>
The links between the WEU Assembly and the European Union
>
Transcription of the interview
>
CLAES (Willy)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The origins of his commitment to Europe
>
The oil crisis in the 1970s and the Davignon Plan for industry
>
Policy and organisation in European affairs in Belgium
>
The Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Communities (1993)
>
On various Belgian figures
>
The fall of the Berlin Wall
>
The Party of European Socialists
>
European defence and NATO
>
NATO, the European Union and the conflict in the former Yugoslavia
>
NATO and openness to the East
>
Conclusions
>
Transcription of the interview
>
COLLOWALD (Paul)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The Council of Europe and the early days of European unification
>
The European Communities and their information policy
>
The European Parliament
>
CRESSON (Édith)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The European Parliament from 1979 to 1981
>
France and the common agricultural policy
>
France’s trade policy and the European Economic Community
>
France’s influence in the European institutions
>
‘Variable geometry’ European integration
>
The European Commission from 1995 to 1999
>
DAVIGNON (Étienne)
>
Interviews held on 11 December 2007 and 14 January 2008
>
Photos of the interview
>
The empty chair crisis
>
Paul-Henri Spaak’s European commitment
>
The question of British accession to the European Communities and the ‘Harmel Report’
>
The Hague Summit in 1969
>
Pierre Werner and the Werner Report
>
The ‘Davignon Report’
>
The European Communities and the 1973 oil crisis
>
The ‘Davignon Plan’
>
The establishment of an industrial policy at Community level
>
His work at the Commission of the European Communities
>
Transcription of the interview
>
Interview held on 10 January 2013
>
Photo of the interview
>
The personality and achievements of Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
>
Transcription de l'interview
>
DELORS (Jacques)
>
Interview held on 16 December 2009
>
Photos of the interview
>
Excerpts from the interview (part 1) — Jacques Delors’s thinking on Europe in the light of the Lisbon Treaty
>
Jacques Delors, Founder President of the think tank
>
The concept of a ‘federation of nation states’ and the Community method
>
The Lisbon Treaty and the institutional reform of the European Union
>
The role of the national parliaments after the Lisbon Treaty
>
The European Convention and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
>
The way forward for the procedure for revising the Treaties relating to the European Union
>
The ‘spillover’ theory
>
Differentiated integration and enhanced cooperation
>
The EU's frontiers and Turkey's application for membership
>
Excerpts from the interview (part 2) — Jacques Delors's career before his appointment as President of the European Commission
>
The origins of Jacques Delors's interest in European integration
>
The influence of the personalist movement
>
Activities and training at the National Planning Board
>
Jacques Chaban-Delmas, social dialogue and ‘New Society’
>
Early experience in the European Communities and role as Member of the European Parliament
>
European political parties
>
Excerpts from the interview (part 3) — Jacques Delors, President of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995
>
Appointment as President of the European Commission
>
The Single European Act
>
The accession of Spain and Portugal to the EU
>
The fall of the Berlin Wall
>
The negotiations on the Maastricht Treaty
>
The subsidiarity principle
>
The work of the ‘Delors Committee' on Economic and Monetary Union
>
The coordination of economic policies and the 1993 White Paper
>
The non-participation of some Member States in the single currency
>
The ‘Delors Packages'
>
A review of the Delors Commission and the Delors method
>
Transcription of the interview
>
Interview held on 3 April 2013
>
Photos of the interview
>
The personality and achievements of Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
>
Transcription of the interview
>
DEPREZ (Gérard)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Early interest in the European idea
>
The European People’s Party
>
The role and operation of the European Parliament
>
The European Parliament’s Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs
>
Thoughts on the future
>
Trancription of the interview
>
DUBOIS (André)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The workings and powers of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers
>
The Secretariat of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers and the revival of European integration
>
The workings and powers of the Council of the European Communities
>
EHRING (Hubert)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The Federal Republic of Germany and the coal and steel pool in Western Europe
>
The Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom
>
The Legal Service of the Commission of the European Economic Community
>
The Directorate-General for Financial Control of the Commission of the European Communities
>
EYSKENS (Mark)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The origins of a commitment to Europe
>
The first European issues
>
At the Ecofin Council in the 1980s
>
On Pierre Werner, Helmut Schmidt, Helmut Kohl, François Mitterrand, Hans-Dietrich Genscher and Margaret Thatcher
>
The upheavals in Eastern Europe following the fall of the Berlin Wall
>
The Assembly of the Council of Europe
>
The Charter of Paris for a New Europe (CSCE, 1990)
>
The Treaty of Maastricht on European Union
>
The institutional development of the European Union
>
Policy and organisation in Belgium in the area of European affairs
>
The role of Belgium and the other small states in the EU
>
An assessment of the European integration process
>
Transcription of the interview
>
FLAHAUT (André)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The origins of his commitment to Europe
>
Belgium and European defence policy
>
The establishment of a 'Europe of defence'
>
Transcription of the interview
>
FONTAINE (Nicole)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Member of the European Parliament from 1984 to 1991
>
The Treaty on European Union and a citizens’ Europe
>
The role of the European Parliament Conciliation Committee
>
Vice-President of the European Parliament from 1989 to 1999
>
President of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2002
>
FRANÇOIS-PONCET (Jean)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The European revival and the Rome Treaties
>
The first elections to the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage
>
France’s European policy under President Valéry Giscard d’Estaing
>
France’s policy towards the Eastern bloc
>
The reform of the European institutions: from the European Convention to the Treaty of Lisbon
>
FRIEDEN (Luc)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Luc Frieden on the personality and European achievements of Pierre Werner
>
The role of Luxembourg and its prominent figures in the European integration process
>
Transcription of the interview
>
GEREMEK (Bronislaw)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Youth and training
>
The creation and work of
Solidarność
and the peaceful transition in Poland
>
Poland’s accession to the European Union
>
The European Union: limits and identity
>
Trancription of the interview
>
GIL-ROBLES GIL-DELGADO (José María)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The relationship between the democratic transition and Spain's accession to the European Communities
>
Euro-Mediterranean policy and immigration policy
>
The introduction of the euro in Spain
>
The principle of solidarity and the plan for a European Constitution
>
European cultural heritage and the fundamental elements of a common European identity
>
Spain's role in relations between Latin America and the European Union
>
The role of Spanish regions in the European integration process
>
Spain's contributions to European integration and the personal significance of Europe
>
Trancription of the interview
>
GISCARD D’ESTAING (Valéry)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The origins of the Convention and the appointment of its Chairman
>
Those involved in the Convention
>
The Convention method and its future
>
Three sensitive subjects: the war in Iraq, the reference to Christianity and the EU's borders
>
The result of the Convention: the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
>
The future of the European Union
>
Epilogue
>
Transcription of the interview
>
GODAL (Bjørn Tore)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Norway’s rejection by referendum of accession to the European Communities (1972)
>
The plan for a Nordic customs union (Nordek)
>
The fourth enlargement of the European Union and the second referendum in Norway (1994)
>
GOEBBELS (Robert)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Childhood, youth and education
>
His early career and political offices
>
Luxembourg State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Cooperation and State Secretary for Small Businesses (1984–1989)
>
Minister for the Economy, Minister for Public Works (1989–1999), Minister for Transport (1989–1994), Minister for Energy (1994–1999)
>
Member of the European Parliament (1999–2014)
>
The development of the European Union and the prospects for Luxembourg as an EU Member State
>
GOERENS (Charles)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The role and operation of the WEU Assembly after the revitalisation in 1984
>
The development of WEU and the positions of its Assembly after the revitalisation in 1984
>
The development of WEU and its Assembly after the Treaties of Maastricht (1992) and Amsterdam (1997)
>
The institutional operation of WEU and the transfer of powers to the European Union (1999–2000)
>
The subsidiary bodies of WEU
>
The military operations led by WEU
>
WEU and its Assembly: analysis and prospects
>
Transcription de l'interview
>
GOUZY (Jean-Pierre)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Movements for European unity in the aftermath of the Second World War
>
The Hague Congress
>
The French Union of Federalists
>
The International Centre for European Training
>
The Association of European Journalists
>
GUIGOU (Élisabeth)
>
Interview held on 29 September 2008
>
Photos of the interview
>
French administrations and European affairs
>
Keeping France in the European Monetary System and the Fontainebleau revival
>
The role of the Secretariat-General of the Interministerial Committee for Questions on European Economic Cooperation (SGCI)
>
The road to Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
>
The European Union in crisis
>
Transcription of the interview
>
Interview held on 7 February 2013
>
Photos de l'interview
>
The personality and achievements of Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
>
Transcription of the interview
>
GUTMANN (Francis)
>
Interview with Francis Gutmann — Part 1 — France and the European integration process (Paris, 10 September 2014) (Length: 00:22:07)
>
France and the revival of the European integration process
>
The French Government’s handling of European issues and the role of the SGCI
>
France and the accession of Spain to the European Communities
>
Interview with Francis Gutmann — Part 2 — France and Western European Union (Paris, 10 September 2014) (Length: 00:45:11)
>
The establishment of WEU and its relationship with NATO
>
The nuclear question and the Euromissiles crisis
>
From the southern Mediterranean to Afghanistan: NATO’s ‘out-of-area’ operations, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and energy supply
>
WEU and armaments issues
>
The revival of WEU and an evaluation of its achievements
>
OTTO VON HABSBURG-LOTHRINGEN
>
Short biography
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi and the idea of ‘Pan-Europe’
>
An account of Jean Monnet and Charles de Gaulle
>
The fifth enlargement: the new members of the European Union in 2004
>
HANSEN (Albert)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Le groupe Werner et le plan Werner
>
Pierre Werner l’Européen
>
La personnalité de Pierre Werner
>
Trancription of the interview
>
IOZZO (Alfonso)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa’s early work at the European Commission
>
The Maastricht Treaty
>
The importance Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa placed on regulation
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa au ministère italien de l’Économie et des Finances
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa et l’idéal européen
>
Transcription of the interview
>
ISRAEL (Edmond)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Pierre Werner and his role in the emergence of the international financial centre and the satellite project in Luxembourg
>
Transcription of the interview
>
JUNCKER (Jean-Claude)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Pierre Werner, architect of European integration
>
The road to EMU: from the Delors Report to the Treaty of Maastricht
>
The Stability and Growth Pact and the coordination of economic policies
>
EMU: a variable geometry euro zone
>
The future of the euro
>
Luxembourg’s role in the European integration process
>
Jean-Claude Juncker, the European
>
Transcription of the interview
>
KASEL (Jean-Jacques)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The first Lomé Convention
>
Relations between the EEC and the Comecon
>
European Political Cooperation
>
The Luxembourg Presidency of the Council of the European Communities in 1976
>
The second enlargement of the EEC
>
Gaston Thorn and the post of President of the European Commission
>
The Directorate for Budget in the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities
>
The Single European Act
>
The fall of the Berlin Wall
>
The Delors I and II Packages
>
The Treaty on European Union
>
The fourth enlargement of the European Union
>
The Treaty of Amsterdam
>
The fifth enlargement of the European Union
>
KOHNSTAMM (Max)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Germany in the aftermath of the Second World War
>
The early days of the International Authority for the Ruhr and the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
>
The Schuman Declaration and the negotiations leading to the ECSC Treaty
>
The early days of the ECSC High Authority
>
The Committee of the Three Wise Men and the implications of Euratom
>
Jean Monnet and the Action Committee for the United States of Europe
>
LALUMIÈRE (Catherine)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Training in European issues
>
The accession of Spain and Portugal to the European Communities
>
A People’s Europe, the European passport and the Schengen Agreement
>
Negotiations on the Single European Act
>
The Council of Europe and the fall of the Berlin Wall
>
François Mitterrand’s commitment to Europe
>
The working method and achievements of the Convention on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
>
The accession of Turkey to the European Union
>
LAMASSOURE (Alain)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The origins of his European commitment, particularly during the seven-year presidential term of Valéry Giscard d’Estaing
>
His work in the European Parliament and the Union for a Popular Movement
>
The European People’s Party
>
In the French Government (1993–1997)
>
The Convention on the Future of Europe
>
LAMFALUSSY (Alexandre)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The Bank for International Settlements
>
The work of the ‘Delors Committee’
>
The establishment and work of the European Monetary Institute
>
The Lamfalussy process and the responses to the financial crisis
>
LAROSIÈRE (Jacques de)
>
Interview held on 22 May 2008
>
Photos of the interview
>
The International Monetary System and the end of the Bretton Woods system
>
France’s international and European monetary policy under Georges Pompidou
>
Reactions to the Werner Plan and the creation of the European Monetary System
>
The Delors Committee and Economic and Monetary Union
>
The role of the European Central Bank
>
France’s role in the economic and monetary integration process
>
The role and workings of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
>
The Group of Ten
>
Transcription of the interview
>
Interview held on 25 September 2012
>
Photos of the interview
>
The personality and achievements of Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
>
Transcription of the interview
>
LÜCKER (Hans-August)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The implications of the reform of the agricultural sector in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the 1955 Land Act
>
The Val Duchesse negotiations, Walter Hallstein and Paul-Henri Spaak
>
Sicco Mansholt and the plan to modernise European agriculture
>
The creation of the European People’s Party (EPP)
>
The negotiations for Greece’s accession to the European Communities
>
The negotiations for Spain’s accession to the European Communities
>
The European Parliament
>
LULLING (Astrid)
>
Short biography
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Youth and education
>
Trade union activities: the Lëtzebuerger Arbechter-Verband and the European Trade Union Secretariat (1949–1965)
>
Her early days in the Chamber of Deputies and the European Parliament (1965–1969)
>
The split in the LSAP and its repercussions on political life in Luxembourg
>
Pierre Werner and the Werner Report (1970)
>
Her fourth term in the Chamber of Deputies: Pierre Werner’s return to power, the Language Law and monetary tension between Belgium and Luxembourg (1979–1984)
>
MARÍN GONZÁLEZ (Manuel)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The transition to democracy and the negotiations for Spanish accession
>
Spain in the European Communities: challenges and opportunities
>
The significance and consequences of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the impact of EU enlargement to the East
>
Spain’s role in relations between Latin America and the European Union and the integration processes in the region
>
Euro-Mediterranean policy and intercultural dialogue
>
The principle of solidarity and the realisation of the plan for a European Constitution
>
The constitutive elements of a common European identity
>
Spain’s contributions to the European integration process and the challenges of today’s Europe
>
Trancription of the interview
>
MARTENS (Wilfried)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Part 1 — co-founder and President of the EPP (1976–2010) (Brussels, 19 May 2010) (length: 01:45:58)
>
The origins of Martens’ interest in Europe
>
The origins and ideological basis of the EPP
>
Leader of the EPP: his personal role and the changing nature of the post
>
The development of the EPP’s composition and stance
>
An assessment of 20 years at the head of the EPP
>
European political parties and national parliaments
>
On various Belgian figures
>
The future of the EU
>
Part 2 — Belgian Prime Minister and Member of the European Council (1979–1992) (Brussels, 2 September 2010) (length: 01:49:31)
>
The development of the role and operation of the European Council
>
Belgian candidates for the post of President of the European Commission
>
Belgian appointments to the European Commission and other senior European posts
>
The Belgian presidencies in 1982 and 1987
>
The Single European Act
>
The European dimension of various Belgian issues
>
The fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification
>
The Maastricht Treaty and political union
>
Organisation and policy in European affairs in Belgium
>
The future of a federal Belgium in the European Union
>
Trancription of the interview
>
MAYSTADT (Philippe)
>
Short biography
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Minister for Finance (1988–1998)
>
The negotiations leading to the Maastricht Treaty
>
The creation and aims of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
>
Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Finance and Foreign Trade (1995–1998)
>
President of the European Investment Bank (EIB) (2000–2011)
>
The Maystadt report on the reform of European governance (2013–2015)
>
MEDEIROS FERREIRA (José Manuel)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The political and historical development of Portugal
>
EFTA and the first agreements with the European Economic Community
>
Portugal’s accession to the Council of Europe
>
Portugal’s accession to the European Communities
>
MEISCH (Adrien)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Youth and education
>
His early days in the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1957–1958)
>
Consul to New York, Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations and Chargé d’Affaires in Washington (1958–1960)
>
Deputy Permanent Representative to the OECD and to NATO in Paris (1961–1967)
>
Director of the Political Affairs Directorate at the Foreign Ministry (1968–1971)
>
Ambassador to Moscow for the USSR, Poland and Finland (1971–1974)
>
Ambassador to Washington for the United States, Mexico and Canada (1974–1983)
>
Ambassador to Bonn for the FRG (1983–1995)
>
Ambassador to Moscow for Russia (1995–1998)
>
Luxembourg’s development and prospects in the European Union
>
MÉNDEZ DE VIGO (Íñigo)
>
Photos of the interview
>
L'interview
>
Formative experience — the origins of his European vocation
>
Principles and influences in his European career
>
The fundamental values of a common European identity
>
The challenge of communicating about the European project
>
His experience at the European Parliament — views and outlook on institutional development
>
Spain’s European policy
>
The Spanish Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2002
>
Spain as a mediator between the EU and the countries in the Mediterranean region, the Middle East and Latin America
>
The Treaty of Lisbon and the EU’s external relations
>
The impact of the EU’s eastward enlargement on Spain and on the redefining of the boundaries of the European project
>
His experience in the Convention on the Future of Europe
>
Interinstitutional relations within the EU
>
The Europeanisation of the Partido Popular
>
Economic and Monetary Union, the single currency and the identity aspects of the euro
>
The European dimension of the Spanish Autonomous Communities
>
Spain’s contribution to the European integration process
>
Reflections on his contribution to European integration and future plans
>
Conclusions
>
Transcription of the interview
>
MERSCH (Yves)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Yves Mersch on the personality and achievements of Pierre Werner
>
The Werner Plan, the Delors Plan and monetary Europe
>
Pierre Werner and the Société européenne des satellites
>
Transcription of the interview
>
MERTZ (Paul)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Youth and education
>
His early days in the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1964–1967)
>
Deputy Permanent Representative to the OECD and to NATO in Paris (1967–1970)
>
Deputy Director then Director of the Political Affairs Directorate at the Foreign Ministry (1970–1981)
>
Ambassador to Rome for Italy and Greece (1981–1988)
>
General Secretary in the Foreign Ministry (1988–1991)
>
Ambassador to Paris for France (1991–1998)
>
Luxembourg’s development and prospects in the European Union
>
MISCHO, Jean
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Youth and training
>
Member of the Legal Service at the Commission of the European Communities
>
Chief Administrator in the Cabinets of Victor Bodson and Albert Borschette at the Commission of the European Communities (1969–1970)
>
The Disputes and Treaties Department of the Political Affairs Directorate at the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1970–1971)
>
The 1969 Hague Summit and the revival of the European integration process
>
Member of the Luxembourg Permanent Representation to the European Communities (1971–1976)
>
At the Political Affairs Directorate of the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1976–1979)
>
Deputy Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to the European Communities (1979–1983)
>
Director of Political and Cultural Affairs at the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1983–1986)
>
Advocate General at the Court of Justice of the European Communities (1986–1991)
>
Director of Political and Cultural Affairs at the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1991–1992)
>
General Secretary at the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1993–1997)
>
Advocate General at the Court of Justice of the European Communities (1997–2003)
>
Luxembourg’s development and prospects in the European Union
>
MOLITOR (Édouard)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Youth and education
>
Deputy Secretary General of the Atlantic Treaty Association in London (1956–1959)
>
Employed for services in the General Secretariat of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers (1956–1959)
>
His early days in the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1960–1961)
>
The ‘Protocol, Legal Affairs, Chancellery and General Administration’ section at the Foreign Ministry (1962–1963)
>
Legation Secretary then Legation Counsellor at the Luxembourg Embassy in Paris (1964–1969), Deputy Permanent Representative to the OECD and Liaison Officer with UNESCO (1967–1969)
>
Legation Counsellor at the Luxembourg Embassy in Brussels (1969–1973) and Consul General to Brussels (1970–1973)
>
Director of the ‘Protocol, Disputes, Chancellery and Administrative Affairs’ Directorate at the Foreign Ministry (1973–1979)
>
Non-Resident Ambassador to the Holy See (1975–1979)
>
Ambassador to Vienna for Austria and Permanent Representative to the United Nations (1978–1989)
>
Ambassador to London for the United Kingdom, Ireland and Iceland and Permanent Representative to Western European Union (WEU) (1989–1992)
>
Ambassador to Rome for Italy (1992–1996) and Malta (1994–1996) and Permanent Representative to FAO, WFP, IFAD and IMO
>
Diplomatic activities after 1996 and post-diplomatic activities
>
MOSCOVICI (Pierre)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The beginnings of his involvement in politics
>
His experience at the European Parliament and the European Movement
>
France’s European policy from 1997 to 2002
>
The work of the European Convention
>
From the draft constitutional treaty to the Treaty of Lisbon
>
Transcription of the interview
>
MUYSER (Guy DE)
>
Photos de l'interview
>
The interview
>
Family background, youth and education
>
Section I for Political Affairs at the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1956–1961)
>
Section II for International Economic Relations at the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1961–1969)
>
The person of Pierre Werner
>
The question of the seats of the European institutions in Luxembourg
>
Secretary and Head of Cabinet of Grand Duke Jean and Marshal of the Grand Ducal Court (1969–1981)
>
Ambassador to Moscow for the USSR, Poland, Finland and Mongolia (1981–1986)
>
Ambassador to Brussels for Belgium and Permanent Representative to NATO (1986–1991)
>
Reflections on Luxembourg’s foreign policy and activities after the end of his diplomatic career
>
NOTHOMB (Charles-Ferdinand)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview conducted on 9 July 2002
>
Excerpts from the interview conducted on 9 July 2002
>
Interview conducted on 2 June 2010
>
Interior Minister (1981–1986)
>
Foreign Minister (1980–1981)
>
President of the Chamber of Representatives (1979–1980; 1988–1995)
>
Euro-Mediterranean and Euro-Arab relations
>
Belgium and the European integration process
>
Transcription of the interview
>
Interview conducted on 8 June 2010
>
Pierre Werner, the European elections in 1979 and his time in the Opposition
>
Relations between Belgium and Luxembourg
>
Transcription of the interview
>
NOYER (Christian)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The personality of Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
>
The operation of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa’s work at the Executive Board of the European Central Bank
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa and his work at the Italian Ministry of the Economy and Finance
>
Transcription of the interview
>
OLIVI (Bino)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Italy and the Rome Treaties
>
The post of spokesman of the Commission of the European Economic Community (EEC)
>
The EEC Commission and the empty chair crisis
>
OREJA AGUIRRE (Marcelino)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
His training, diplomatic career and political commitment to establishing closer relations with the European Communities
>
The democratic transition and the opening of negotiations for Spain’s accession to the European Communities
>
His experience in the European Parliament and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
>
His experience as Secretary General of the Council of Europe, Member of the European Parliament and European Commissioner
>
The significance and consequences of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the impact of EU enlargement for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe
>
Les relations extérieures de l'Union européenne avec la Russie, les États-Unis et l'Amérique latine
>
European principles and procedures, Economic and Monetary Union, the CFSP and the challenge of the Constitutional Treaty
>
Fundamental values, the development of a common European identity, Spain’s contributions to the European integration process and the challenges facing today’s Europe
>
Trancription of the interview
>
PESCATORE (Pierre)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview held on 10 September 2003
>
The Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom
>
The work of the Drafting Committee at the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom
>
The signing of the Rome Treaties
>
The Court of Justice of the European Communities
>
The empty chair crisis and the consequences of the Luxembourg Compromise
>
Interview held on 11 February 2009
>
His early diplomatic career
>
The development of the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry
>
The Rome Treaties, the Fouchet Plans and the empty chair crisis
>
His university career
>
Judge at the Court of Justice of the European Communities
>
Looking back over his professional life
>
POOS (Jacques F.)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Le Système monétaire européen
>
Le Parlement européen
>
L’Acte unique européen
>
Les innovations du traité de Maastricht
>
La multiplication des traités
>
De la coopération politique européenne à la PESC
>
Les présidences semestrielles du Conseil
>
L’Union européenne et les organisations européennes de coopération
>
Le cinquième élargissement de l’Union européenne
>
Le Luxembourg dans la construction européenne
>
PRODI (Romano)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa: a great public servant
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa and his work at the Italian Ministry of the Economy and Finance
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa and his European vision
>
Transcription of the interview
>
PUJOL (Jordi)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Federalist ideas and the development of a pro-European sentiment in Spain and Catalonia
>
The fundamental principles of a European constitution and the European welfare state model
>
The ‘four motors of Europe', the Committee of the Regions and the role of Catalan nationalist parties in this context
>
The Treaty of Lisbon and the European challenges of enlargement, Euro-Mediterranean policy and immigration policies
>
The constituent elements of a common European identity
>
Trancription of the interview
>
RABIER (Jacques-René)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Jean Monnet: sa méthode de travail et ses relations avec ses collaborateurs
>
Le Plan Schuman
>
La Haute Autorité de la CECA
>
La politique d’information de la CECA, puis des Communautés européennes
>
L’Eurobaromètre: origine, conception et objectifs
>
Mythes et images d’Europe
>
REDING (Viviane)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview with Viviane Reding - Part 1 (Sanem, 22 May 2015)
>
Childhood, youth and education
>
Her early political career
>
Member of the Chamber of Deputies: 1979–1989
>
Member of the European Parliament: 1989–1999
>
At the European Commission: 1999–2014
>
Luxembourg and the European integration process
>
Transcription of the interview
>
Interview with Viviane Reding — Part 2 (Sanem, 11 September 2015)
>
The circumstances surrounding the establishment of the Prodi Commission (1999)
>
Her action as European Commissioner for Education and Culture (1999–2004)
>
Her action as European Commissioner for Youth and Sport (1999–2004)
>
Her action as European Commissioner for the Information Society and Media (2004–2010)
>
Her action as European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship (2010–2014)
>
Transcription of the interview
>
Interview with Viviane Reding — Part 3 (Sanem, 4 December 2015)
>
The digital and knowledge economy
>
The development of the European Commission
>
Enlargement, identity and borders
>
The future of the European Union
>
RENCKI (Georges)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Preparations for the common agricultural policy
>
The introduction and early days of the common agricultural policy
>
The common agricultural policy and regional policy
>
Reforms of the common agricultural policy and the enlargement of the EU to 27
>
Transcription of the interview
>
RICARD-NIHOUL (Gaëtane)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa’s work as Chairman of the ‘Notre Europe’ think tank
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa and his work at the Italian Ministry of the Economy and Finance
>
The personality of Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
>
Transcription of the interview
>
RIEBEN (Henri)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Excerpts from the interview
>
ROBIN (Gabriel)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
France’s European policy in the era of General de Gaulle
>
Georges Pompidou and France’s European policy
>
France’s European and international policy during the presidential term of Valéry Giscard d’Estaing
>
France, European defence policy and NATO
>
Transcription of the interview
>
ROTH (Lex)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The personality of Pierre Werner
>
The Luxembourgish language as a defining element in Luxembourg’s identity
>
Luxembourg and Europe
>
Trancription of the interview
>
RUPPERT (Charles)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Charles Ruppert on the personality and achievements of Pierre Werner
>
Transcription of the interview
>
RUTTEN (Charles)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The
Nouvelles Équipes Internationales
>
The Hague Congress
>
Benelux cooperation
>
The European Defence Community
>
The European revival and the Rome Treaties
>
The issue of the seat of the European Communities’ institutions
>
The Netherlands Permanent Representation in the Council of the European Economic Community
>
The agricultural marathons
>
The first EEC Association Agreements with Greece and Turkey
>
The European policy of General de Gaulle and the empty chair crisis
>
European Political Cooperation
>
SACCOMANNI (Fabrizio)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Youth and education
>
Economist at the Bank of Italy (1967–1970) and at the International Monetary Fund (1970–1975)
>
Assigned to the Research Department, Head of the Office for International Monetary and Financial Issues (1975–1984) and Head of the Foreign Department (1984–1997) at the Bank of Italy
>
The Delors Committee and the Delors Report
>
The introduction of the euro in Italy
>
The euro zone crises
>
Italian Minister for Economic Affairs and Finance (2013–2014)
>
Conclusions
>
Transcritption of the interview
>
SANTER (Jacques)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The European Parliament
>
The European People’s Party
>
Intergovernmental conferences and the Presidencies of the Council of the European Communities
>
Preparations for the Single European Act
>
European uncertainty as regards German unification
>
The Treaty on European Union
>
Economic and monetary questions in a united Europe
>
The circumstances surrounding his appointment as President of the European Commission
>
The fifth enlargement of the European Union
>
The Treaty of Amsterdam
>
The resignation en bloc of the European Commission in 1999
>
The European Convention
>
SCHEICH (Manfred)
>
Photo of the interview
>
The interview
>
An overview of his diplomatic career
>
Austria’s relations with the European Communities in the 1980s
>
The process leading to Austria’s accession to the European Union and the concept of the global approach
>
Austria in the European Union
>
The European Union after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon
>
His activities after 1999
>
Transcription of the interview
>
SCHOUTHEETE (Philippe DE)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Excerpts from the interview (part 1) — 1956-1985
>
The beginnings of his diplomatic career and cooperation between the Benelux countries
>
France’s European policy (1958–1961)
>
On some leading Belgian figures of the 1950s
>
Three years in Cairo
>
The 1966 Luxembourg Compromise
>
Pierre Harmel, NATO and WEU
>
The prospect of Spanish accession to the European Communities
>
The Tindemans Report (1975)
>
European affairs at the Foreign Ministry (1976–1981)
>
The 1982 Belgian Presidency and the Stuttgart Declaration of June 1983
>
Excerpts from the interview (part 2) — 1985-1995
>
The Single Act, political cooperation and the 1987 Belgian Presidency
>
Belgium’s organisation and policy vis-à-vis European issues
>
Coreper
>
The early days of the single market and the Delors I package
>
The fall of the Berlin Wall
>
The Treaty of Maastricht
>
The 1993 Belgian Presidency
>
The achievements of the Delors Commission
>
The war in the Balkans
>
Excerpts from the interview (part 3) — 1995-2010
>
Enlargement to Fifteen and the Ioannina Compromise
>
The Treaty of Amsterdam
>
The Treaty of Nice
>
The beginnings of a constitutional process
>
The European Commission's role in the work of the European Convention
>
The institutional reforms introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon and the origins of these reforms
>
A look back at the failure of the European Constitution and its consequences
>
The end and the means
>
Transcription of the interview
>
SCHWAIGER (Norbert)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The Council Press Service and transparency
>
The work of the Council and its Secretariat
>
The changing role of the Secretary-General
>
The Council’s relations with the European Parliament
>
The European Council
>
The reform of the Council
>
The successive Council sites
>
SILVA LOPES (José DA)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Portugal, a member of the European Free Trade Association
>
Portugal’s application for accession to the European Communities
>
Portugal’s economic and monetary development
>
Portugal’s accession to the European Communities
>
The granting of Community aid to Portugal
>
Portugal’s economy and finances since Maastricht
>
The Portuguese Presidency of the Council of the European Union
>
The Lisbon Strategy
>
SNOY ET D'OPPUERS (Bernard)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Economic Adviser at the European Commission (1986–1988)
>
The composition and work of the Delors Committee
>
Belgium and the Maastricht Treaty negotiations — The creation of the EBRD
>
The World Bank and the transition of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to a market economy
>
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in the 1990s
>
The Working Table on ‘Economic reconstruction, development and cooperation’ within the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe
>
The European League for Economic Cooperation and Robert Triffin International
>
Overall assessment and conclusions
>
STEICHEN (René)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Pierre Werner, statesman
>
Trancription of the interview
>
THORN (Gaston)
>
Interview
>
European parliamentary assemblies
>
Europe in the world
>
Benelux cooperation
>
Luxembourg in Europe
>
The United Kingdom’s accession to the Communities in 1973
>
The question of Turkish accession
>
THYGESEN (Niels)
>
Short biography
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Youth and education
>
Danish Ministry of Economic Affairs (1961–1964), Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Copenhagen (1964–1969) and Economic Adviser to the Treasury of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur (1969–1971)
>
Head of Monetary Division and Studies at the OECD, Paris (1971–1973), Adviser to the Governor of the Danmarks Nationalbank (1973–1983) and Chairman of the Danish Economic Council (1983–1985)
>
Member of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Union in the European Communities – the ‘Delors Committee’ (1988–1989)
>
The Delors Report
>
Conclusions
>
TIETMEYER (Hans)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The Werner Report
>
Transcription of the interview
>
TINDEMANS (Leo)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Formative years
>
Memories of Jean Monnet
>
Christian democracy and European integration
>
The Paris Summit and the Tindemans Report on European Union
>
The United Kingdom and Europe
>
Benelux cooperation
>
The European Union’s attitude to Turkey
>
The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
>
TRICHET (Jean-Claude)
>
Photos of the interview
>
L'interview
>
The personality of Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa’s work at the European Central Bank
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa and his work at the Italian Ministry of the Economy and Finance
>
Transcription of the interview
>
UNWIN (Sir Brian)
>
Short biography
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Youth, education and entry into the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1960–1968)
>
The United Kingdom on the road to membership of the European Communities (1968–1975)
>
The British rebate, the Fontainebleau Summit (1984), the Single European Act and Margaret Thatcher (1978–1987)
>
Chairman of the Board of HM Customs and Excise (1987–1993) and member of the Customs Cooperation Council (1992–1993)
>
President of the European Investment Bank (1993–1999)
>
Pierre Werner and Luxembourg
>
Prospects for the United Kingdom in the European Union
>
Trancription of the interview
>
VAN EEKELEN (Willem)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The WEU Permanent Council in the 1960s
>
WEU and the United Kingdom’s accession to the European Communities
>
Relations between WEU and NATO in the 1960s
>
The ‘empty chair crisis' within the WEU Council (1969–1970)
>
The links between WEU and European Political Cooperation in the 1970s
>
The reactivation of WEU in 1984
>
The role of armaments agencies within WEU
>
The 1987 Hague Platform and the European defence identity
>
The role of the WEU Secretary-General (1989–1994)
>
The question of the seat of WEU
>
The new WEU subsidiary bodies (1989–1996)
>
The WEU Member States and their statuses
>
WEU after the Treaties of Maastricht (1992) and Amsterdam (1997)
>
The military operations led by WEU
>
The operational forces of WEU
>
WEU: analysis and prospects
>
VASCONCELOS (Álvaro de)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Portugal and the European Union
>
Portugal and WEU
>
The workings of WEU, the gradual transfer of its powers to the European Union and its contribution to European defence
>
WEU’s contribution to a European Union foreign policy
>
European Union foreign policy in the southern Mediterranean and Latin America
>
The European security and defence policy and the role of France and the United Kingdom
>
Transcription of the interview
>
VÉDRINE (Hubert)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
François Mitterrand’s European policy
>
Minister for Foreign Affairs (1997–2002)
>
The reform of the European institutions: from the Treaty of Amsterdam to the Treaty of Lisbon
>
VERSCHUER (Helmut von)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The early plans for a common agricultural policy
>
The establishment of the common agricultural policy (CAP)
>
The beginnings and first reform of the common agricultural policy
>
The common agricultural policy and the enlargements of the European Union
>
Transcription of the interview
>
VISCO (Ignazio)
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
The personality of Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa’s work at the Bank of Italy and his economic vision
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa and his work at the Italian Ministry of the Economy and Finance
>
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa and his European vision
>
Transcription of the interview
>
VITORINO (António)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The Portuguese Presidency of the Council of the European Union
>
The Lisbon Strategy
>
From the Constitutional Treaty to the Treaty of Lisbon
>
The area of freedom, security and justice
>
The European Commission
>
Relations between the European Parliament and the national parliaments
>
Portugal’s accession to the European Communities
>
WELLENSTEIN (Edmund)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The post-war years (1945–1950)
>
Dutch diplomacy and the beginnings of the European integration process (1950–1953)
>
The early years at the ECSC High Authority (1953–1956)
>
Relations between the ECSC High Authority and the United States, and the GATT trade negotiations
>
The position of the ECSC High Authority during the European revival and the empty chair crisis (1956–1965)
>
Director-General for Foreign Trade at the European Commission (1967–1970)
>
Towards the first enlargement of the European Communities (1970–1973)
>
Director-General for External Relations at the European Commission (1973–1976)
>
Achievements and future prospects
>
WERNER (Henri)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
The personality of Pierre Werner
>
Pierre Werner, the Werner Report and monetary Europe
>
Transcription of the interview
>
WERNER (Marie-Anne)
>
Photos of the interview
>
Interview
>
Le rapport Werner et l’Europe monétaire
>
Transcription of the interview
>
WEYLAND (Joseph)
>
Short biography
>
Photos of the interview
>
The interview
>
Family background, youth and studies
>
Entry into the Political Affairs Directorate (Directorate I) of the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1968–1969)
>
At the Luxembourg Embassy in Bonn (1969–1972)
>
The Luxembourg Presidency of the Council of the European Communities in 1972
>
At the Protocol and Administrative Affairs Directorate of the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1972–1976)
>
In the Luxembourg Permanent Representation to the European Communities (1976–1979)
>
At the Economic Relations and Cooperation Directorate of the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1979–1983)
>
Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to the United Nations in New York (1983–1984)
>
Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to the European Communities in Brussels (1984–1991)
>
The IGC on Political Union in 1991
>
General Secretary in the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1991–1993)
>
Ambassador in London for the United Kingdom, Ireland and Iceland (1993–2002)
>
The preparation of the Westendorp Report in 1995
>
Ambassador in Brussels for Belgium and Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to NATO (2003–2005)
>
Ambassador in Washington for the United States, Canada and Mexico (2005–2008)
>
Luxembourg’s development and prospects in the European Union
Interview
Feedback
