Die Politik des leeren Stuhls
Die Politik des leeren Stuhls
Der Auslöser für die Politik des leeren Stuhls
Tagung des Ministerrates „Landwirtschaft“ (Brüssel, 30. Juni 1965)
ImageAm 30. Juni 1965 stellen die Vertreter Frankreichs, Landwirtschaftsminister Edgard Pisani und Wirtschafts- und Finanzminister Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, die Unvereinbarkeit ihrer Haltung hinsichtlich der Finanzierung der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik (GAP) mit der der Delegationen der fünf anderen Mitgliedstaaten fest.
'Die Politik des leeren Stuhls' von Georges Levhat (RTL, 30. Juni 1965)
Audio extractDer RTL-Journalist Georges Levhat wohnte dem Verhandlungsmarathon in der Agrarpolitik vom 30. Juni 1965 in Brüssel bei. Er beschreibt die Haltung der verschiedenen Akteure und die Atmosphäre bei den Verhandlungen, deren Scheitern die Verärgerung Frankreichs hervorruft, das daraufhin für sechs Monate die Politik des leeren Stuhls praktizieren wird.
Telegram from Jean-Marc Boegner to the French Foreign Ministry on the failure of the Council held on 30 June 1965 (Brussels, 1 July 1965)
TextOn 1 July 1965, Jean-Marc Boegner, Permanent Representative of France to the European Communities, sends a letter to the French Foreign Minister, Maurice Couve de Murville, in which he gives an account of the failure of the Council’s discussions on the financing of the common agricultural policy (CAP) which took place during the night of 30 June 1965.
Telegram from Jean-Marc Boegner to the French Foreign Ministry on the empty chair crisis (Brussels, 2 July 1965)
TextOn 2 July 1965, Jean-Marc Boegner, Permanent Representative of France to the European Communities, sends a letter to the French Foreign Minister, Maurice Couve de Murville, in which he gives an account of the breakdown of the Council’s discussions during the night of 30 June, which led to the empty chair crisis. The talks focused, in particular, on the financing of the common agricultural policy (CAP) and on the role of the European Parliamentary Assembly.
Telegram from Maurice Couve de Murville to Jean-Marc Boegner on the empty chair crisis (Paris, 5 July 1965)
TextOn 5 July 1965, Jacques Delarue Caron de Beaumarchais, Head of Cabinet to French Foreign Minister Maurice Couve de Murville, sends a telegram to Jean-Marc Boegner, French Permanent Representative to the European Communities, giving him a series of instructions, in particular on the European Commission's activities and on French participation in meetings of the Councils of the European Economic Community (EEC), the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC) and of the Committee of Permanent Representatives (Coreper) of some study groups.
Communiqué issued by the Councils of the European Communities (6 July 1965)
TextOn 6 July 1965, the Councils of the European Communities recognise jointly the French Government’s desire not to attend, at least for the time being, any further meetings of the Six.
Karikatur von Geisen zur Politik des leeren Stuhls (1965)
Image„Radlos.“ Im Jahr 1965 äußert sich der Schweizer Karikaturist Hans Geisen ironisch über den Entschluss Frankreichs, zumindest vorerst nicht mehr an den Sitzungen der Sechs teilzunehmen, und illustriert die Auswirkungen der Entscheidung des Präsidenten Charles de Gaulle auf den europäischen Integrationsprozess.
Interview mit Étienne Davignon: die Ursachen für die Politik des leeren Stuhls (Brüssel, 11. Dezember 2007)
VideoIn diesem Interview erklärt Étienne Davignon, von 1964 bis 1966 Kabinettchef des belgischen Außenministers Paul-Henri Spaak, die Gründe für die Meinungsverschiedenheiten zwischen Frankreich und den Delegationen der fünf anderen Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Gemeinschaften hinsichtlich der Finanzierungsart der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik (GAP), die schließlich zur Krise der „Politik des leeren Stuhls“ führen.
Die Entwicklung der Politik des leeren Stuhls
Reaktionen auf die Politik des leeren Stuhls (RTL, 12. Juli 1965)
Audio extractAm 30. Juni 1965 verlässt Frankreich aufgrund von Meinungsverschiedenheiten mit seinen Partnern der Europäischen Gemeinschaften in Agrarfragen die Sitzungen der Sechs. Jede Sitzung anderer internationaler Institutionen kann jedoch einen Anlass dafür bieten, den Dialog wieder aufzunehmen und eine Lösung für die Krise der "Politik des leeren Stuhls" zu finden.
Interview mit Paul-Henri Spaak über die Politik des leeren Stuhls (14. Juli 1965)
VideoAm 14. Juli 1965 antwortet der belgische Außenminister Paul-Henri Spaak nach einem Treffen mit seinem französischen Amtskollegen Maurice Couve de Murville auf die Fragen von Journalisten zur Politik des leeren Stuhls.
Note concerning the position of Luxembourg and Germany on the empty chair crisis (Luxembourg, 20 July 1965)
TextOn 20 July 1965, Pierre Pescatore, Secretary-General of the Luxembourg Ministry for Foreign Affairs, provides an account of his meeting the previous day in Bonn with Rolf Lahr, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), in order to consider the causes for the empty chair crisis and the possible diplomatic and political solutions to it.
Press conference held by Charles de Gaulle (9 September 1965)
TextOn 9 September 1965, General de Gaulle holds a press conference in the Élysée Palace. He outlines the role that France plays in the process of European integration and gives the reasons behind France’s decision no longer to have taken up its seat at the Council of Ministers since 1 July 1965.
Statement by the Council of the EEC (Brussels, 26 October 1965)
TextOn 26 October 1965, the Council of Ministers of the European Economic Community (EEC) issues a statement in which the Six reaffirm their desire to pursue the process of European integration with due regard to the Treaties and the Community institutions and in which the Six invite France to take its seat in the Council once again.
The empty chair crisis
ImageFrom 30 June 1965 to 29 January 1966, in disagreement with the Commission of the European Communities on the financing of the common agricultural policy (CAP), France’s representatives refuse to attend any intergovernmental meetings of the Community bodies in Brussels.
Alain Peyrefitte, This was de Gaulle
TextOn 1 July 1965, General de Gaulle listens to French Foreign Minister Maurice Couve de Murville’s account of the events surrounding and implications of the breakdown, during the night in Brussels, of the Council negotiations on the financing of the common agricultural policy (CAP).
Zeitzeugen
Maurice Couve de Murville, Foreign policy (1958–1969)
TextIn his memoirs, Maurice Couve de Murville, former French Foreign Minister, discusses the origins and diplomatic implications of the empty chair crisis and of the Luxembourg Compromise, which brought an end to the crisis in January 1966.
Sicco Mansholt, The Crisis
TextIn 1974, Sicco Mansholt, former Vice-President of the Commission of the European Communities and Commissioner with special responsibility for agriculture, recalls the causes and the development of the empty chair crisis.
Pierre Werner, Luxembourg and European meanderings
TextIn his memoirs, Pierre Werner, former Luxembourg Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, discusses the empty chair crisis of 1965–1966.
Interview mit Paul Collowald (Sanem, 28. Juni 2002) – Auszug: die Hallstein-Kommission und die Politik des leeren Stuhls
VideoIn diesem Interview beschreibt Paul Collowald, ehemaliges Mitglied des Pressedienstes der Kommission der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (EWG), die Haltung Walter Hallsteins und der Kommission unter seinem Vorsitz gegenüber der "Politik des leeren Stuhls" im Jahr 1965.
Interview mit Pierre Pescatore: der Ursprung der Politik des leeren Stuhls (Luxemburg, 12. November 2003)
Audio extractIn diesem Interview beschreibt der ehemalige Generalsekretär im luxemburgischen Außenministerium Pierre Pescatore die institutionellen Gründe, die seiner Meinung nach zur Politik des leeren Stuhls führten.
Interview mit Charles Rutten: die Politik des leeren Stuhls und der Luxemburger Kompromiss (Den Haag, 29. November 2006)
VideoIn diesem Interview spricht Charles Rutten, ehemaliger stellvertretender Ständiger Vertreter der Niederlande beim Rat der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (EWG), über den Verlauf und die politische Bedeutung der Politik des leeren Stuhls.
Interview mit Bino Olivi: Walter Hallstein und die Politik des leeren Stuhls (Sanem, 4. April 2007)
VideoIn diesem Interview kommt Bino Olivi, ehemaliger Sprecher der Kommission der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (EWG), auf die Position Walter Hallsteins, des damaligen Präsidenten der Kommission der EWG, angesichts der Krise der so genannten „Politik des leeren Stuhls“ zu sprechen.
Interview with Edmund Wellenstein: the empty chair crisis from the viewpoint of the High Authority (The Hague, 27 August 2009)
VideoIn this interview, Edmund Wellenstein, Secretary-General of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1960 and 1967, describes how the High Authority reacted to the political crisis known as the ‘empty chair’ crisis, which took place from 1965 to 1966.
Reaktionen in Frankreich
'The French representative to the European Communities has been ‘invited' to return to Paris' from Le Monde (7 July 1965)
TextOn 7 July 1965, the French daily newspaper Le Monde analyses the implications of the empty chair policy for the operation of the European Community institutions.
Cartoon by Lap on the empty chair crisis (13 July 1965)
Image‘The graveyard of Europe: “Excuse me, where is Père la Chaise vide, please?”’ On 30 June 1965, General de Gaulle provokes the empty chair crisis, notably in order to show his disagreement with the principle of majority voting, and also to avoid having to discuss institutional aspects of the Common Market. On 13 July, French cartoonist Lap uses a play on words (‘Père la Chaise’ is a famous Parisian cemetery. ‘La chaise vide’ refers to the empty chair crisis) to paint an ironic picture of the deadlock facing Europe.
Cartoon by Faizant on the empty chair crisis (14 July 1965)
Image‘Expected visitors. Spaak, Luns, Fanfani, G. Ball. There you go, Couve, I’ve prepared a few notes for you to refer to during your meetings. No. And no!’ On 14 July 1965, as negotiations are held to find a solution to the empty chair crisis, French cartoonist Jacques Faizant illustrates the intransigence of General de Gaulle with regard to his European and American partners. Maurice Couve de Murville, French Foreign Minister, seems to have fairly little room for manoeuvre given the instructions of President de Gaulle (on the right).
'Crisis in the Common Market' from the Bulletin mensuel d'information du Comité français pour l'Union paneuropéenne (July 1965)
TextIn July 1965, the French Committee for the Paneuropean Union analyses the reasons which led to the open crisis within the European Common Market and mentions the blackmailing of France.
‘Europe in crisis' from Le Populaire (17 July 1965)
TextOn 17 July 1965, in the French Socialist daily newspaper Le Populaire, André Bergeron, Secretary-General of the French Force Ouvrière (Workers’ Force — FO) trade union, condemns France’s refusal to attend intergovernmental meetings of Community bodies in Brussels.
'Europe is unwell …' from Le Monde (22 July 1965)
TextOn 22 July 1965, the French daily newspaper Le Monde analyses the differing opinions of the Six on the future direction of European integration, and outlines the implications of the empty chair crisis.
Telegram from Maurice Ulrich to Maurice Couve de Murville on the empty chair crisis (Brussels, 27 July 1965)
TextOn 27 July 1965, Maurice Ulrich, Senior Adviser to the French Permanent Representation to the European Communities, sends a telegram on behalf of Jean-Marc Boegner, French Permanent Representative to the European Communities recalled to Paris, in which he indicates the positions adopted by the Foreign Ministers of the Five who met in Brussels on 26 July to consider the implications of the empty chair crisis.
'The major victim' from Combat (27 July 1965)
TextOn 27 July 1965, the French daily newspaper Combat expresses its concern over the consequences of France’s refusal to attend intergovernmental meetings of Community bodies in Brussels.
‘The Common Market: meeting without France' from Paris-Presse (27 July 1965)
TextOn 27 July 1965, the French daily newspaper Paris-Presse expresses its concern over the consequences for France of what is known as the ‘empty chair’ crisis.
Note from the SGCI on the European Communities during the empty chair crisis (Paris, 1 October 1965)
TextOn 1 October 1965, the Secretariat-General of the Interministerial Committee for European Economic Cooperation (SGCI), placed under the direct authority of the French Prime Minister Georges Pompidou, draws up a list of Community decisions to be taken rapidly, despite the French empty chair policy.
Statement by Maurice Couve de Murville in the French National Assembly (20 October 1965)
TextIn a statement to the National Assembly on 20 October 1965, the French Foreign Minister Maurice Couve de Murville explains the reasons that led France to boycott the intergovernmental meetings of the Community bodies in Brussels.
Note from the Quai d’Orsay on the role and powers of the European Commission in the context of the empty chair crisis (Paris, 9 November 1965)
TextOn 9 November 1965, Émile Cazimajou, Foreign Affairs Adviser to the Economic and Financial Cooperation Directorate (the economic cooperation service) of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, draws up a note in which he considers the means of changing the spirit in which the Commission of the European Economic Community (EEC) exercises its prerogatives, given France’s position in particular at the beginning of the empty chair crisis.
Note from Nicolas Hommel concerning French views on the empty chair crisis (Paris, 10 November 1965)
TextOn 10 November 1965, Nicolas Hommel, Luxembourg Ambassador to France, sends a note to Pierre Werner, Luxembourg Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, in which he explains the arguments put forward by France to justify its empty chair policy.
Interview with General de Gaulle on the empty chair crisis (Paris, 14 December 1965)
TextOn 14 December 1965, General de Gaulle, President of the French Republic, grants a radio and television interview to the journalist Michel Droit in which he explains the reasons for France’s attitude during the empty chair crisis and announces his grievances regarding the European Community.
Reaktionen in der Bundesrepublik
Schreiben des deutschen Botschafters in Paris über die Krise der EWG (Paris, 14. Juli 1965)
TextAm 14. Juli 1965 gibt Manfred Klaiber, Botschafter der BRD in Paris, Informationen aus einer Unterredung mit dem französischen Außenminister Maurice Couve de Murville über dessen Gespräche mit Amtskollegen zur EWG-Krise wieder.
Karikatur von Köhler zur Politik des leeren Stuhls (14. Juli 1965)
Image„Sei lieb Charly, komm zurück - wir bauen den Schlitten um, ja?“ Im Juli 1965 illustriert der deutsche Karikaturist Hanns Erich Köhler den Entschluss der französischen Regierung, die auf zwischenstaatlicher Ebene abgehaltenen Tagungen der Gemeinschaftsorgane in Brüssel zu boykottieren, womit die Krise des leeren Stuhls ausgelöst wird. Der französische Staatspräsident Charles de Gaulle verlässt das „EWG-Fahrzeug“, während der deutsche Kanzler Erhard verärgert zuschaut.
Karikatur von Siegl zur Politik des leeren Stuhls (31. Juli 1965)
Image„Trost für Europa - Glaub mir doch! Unser Charles wird wiederkommen!“ Im Juli 1965 veranschaulicht der deutsche Karikaturist Siegl, der sich von dem Mythos des Raubs der Europa inspirieren lässt, die Reaktion von Bundeskanzler Ludwig Erhard auf die Entscheidung des französischen Staatspräsidenten General de Gaulle, den auf zwischenstaatlicher Ebene abgehaltenen Tagungen der Gemeinschaftsorgane in Brüssel fernzubleiben, womit die Krise des leeren Stuhls ausgelöst wird.
Reaktionen in Belgien
'Has the Common Market really broken down?' from La Dernière Heure (9 July 1965)
TextOn 9 July 1965, the Belgian Liberal daily newspaper La Dernière Heure comments on the causes and possible implications of the empty chair crisis.
'The Common Market crisis' from La Libre Belgique (10 July 1965)
TextOn 10 July 1965, Fernand Baudhuin, Professor of Economics at the Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), who is extremely critical as regards the objectives and operation of the European Economic Community (EEC), sees the root of the empty chair crisis in the very foundations of the Common Market.
'What prospects now for Community?' from Le Soir (12 July 1965)
TextOn 12 July 1965, the Belgian daily newspaper Le Soir comments on the causes of the empty chair crisis and outlines its institutional and political implications.
"La crise du Marché commun" dans Le drapeau rouge (13 juillet 1965)
TextLe 13 juillet 1965, commentant les enjeux institutionnels de la crise de la chaise vide, Pierre Joye plaide dans les colonnes du quotidien communiste belge Le drapeau rouge pour la construction d'une Europe au service du monde ouvrier.
Reaktionen in Belgien
'The two Europes' from La Libre Belgique (13 September 1965)
TextOn 13 September 1965, in the daily newspaper La Libre Belgique, Paul Struye, the Belgian Catholic Senator and former Member of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), analyses the impact of the press conference held on 9 September 1965 by General de Gaulle, President of the French Republic, which addressed, in particular, the issue of the empty chair crisis.
'Can there be a Europe without France?' from the Revue générale belge (September 1965)
TextIn September 1965, commenting on France’s decision not to take up its seat at the Council of Ministers of the European Communities, Jean-Charles Snoy et d’Oppuers, President of the Royal Institute for International Relations (IRRI) and former President of the Belgian Delegation to the Val Duchesse Intergovernmental Conference on European revival, speculates on the real chances of pursuing the European Community without France.
Statement by Paul-Henri Spaak (Brussels, 27 September 1965)
TextOn 27 September 1965, invited by the Brussels Conférence du Jeune Barreau (Young Bar Association) to talk to Maurice Schumann, President of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the French National Assembly, about the future of Europe, Belgian Foreign Minister Paul-Henri Spaak outlines arrangements which may resolve what is known as the ‘empty chair’ crisis and considers in particular the issue of the revision of the Treaty of Rome.
Note concerning the Belgian position on the empty chair crisis (Brussels, 12 January 1966)
TextOn 12 January 1966, Henri Étienne, Head of Division of the Commission of the European Economic Community (EEC), hands to Karl-Heinz Narjes, Head of Cabinet to the President of the Commission Walter Hallstein, a summary note from Jean Maurin, Member of the Executive Secretariat of the Commission, which recalls the details of the development of the political position of Belgium and that of the Belgian Foreign Minister, Paul-Henri Spaak, since the beginning of the empty chair crisis on 30 June 1965.
Address given by Paul-Henri Spaak to the European Parliament (20 January 1966)
TextOn 20 January 1966, in Strasbourg, participating in an exchange of views between the Community institutions on the empty chair crisis, Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgian Foreign Minister, outlines Belgium’s position in this affair and takes into account the efforts made on 17 and 18 January in Luxembourg by the Foreign Ministers of the Six to resolve the crisis.
Reaktionen in Italien
‘Paris has decided to boycott the European Common Market' from the Corriere della Sera (1 July 1965)
TextOn 1 July 1965, following the breakdown in Community negotiations on the financing of the common agricultural policy (CAP), the Italian daily newspaper Corriere della Sera comments on France’s decision to boycott intergovernmental meetings of Community bodies in Brussels.
Reaktionen in Luxemburg
Memorandum from Pierre Pescatore on Luxembourg’s attitude to the empty chair crisis (Luxembourg, 6 July 1965)
TextOn 6 July 1965, Pierre Pescatore, Secretary-General of the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign Affairs, sends a note to the Luxembourg diplomatic missions in Europe in which he sets out the position adopted by Pierre Werner, Luxembourg Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, in relation to the empty chair crisis and the political means by which it may be overcome.
Note from the Luxembourg Ambassador to France on the empty chair crisis (Paris, 2 August 1965)
TextOn 2 August 1965, Nicolas Hommel, the Luxembourg Ambassador to Paris, sends a confidential note to Pierre Werner, Luxembourg Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, in which he gives his account of the reasons which led France, under General de Gaulle, to boycott Community activities in Brussels.
Note concerning the press conference held by General de Gaulle and the empty chair crisis (Luxembourg, 15 September 1965)
TextOn 15 September 1965, Pierre Pescatore, Secretary-General of the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign Affairs, sends a confidential note to the Luxembourg diplomatic missions in Europe and to some international organisations in which he sets out the reactions of Pierre Werner, Luxembourg Foreign Minister, following the press conference held by General de Gaulle in which he adopted a very critical stance towards the European Communities.
Note from Pierre Pescatore on the empty chair crisis (Luxembourg, 29 September 1965)
TextOn 29 September 1965, Pierre Pescatore, Secretary-General of the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign Affairs, sends a confidential note to the Luxembourg diplomatic missions in Europe and to some international organisations in which he sets out Luxembourg’s position in the ongoing diplomatic negotiations being held to resolve the empty chair crisis, especially given the joint position of Belgium and the Netherlands and the scope of the ‘Spaak Plan’.
Address given by Pierre Werner on Luxembourg and the empty chair crisis (New York, 30 September 1965)
TextOn 30 September 1965, Pierre Werner, Luxembourg Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, gives an address to the Belgian Chamber of Commerce in New York in which he expresses, in particular, his faith in Luxembourg's future in Europe and outlines the principles which form the basis of a solution to the empty chair crisis.
Note from Pierre Pescatore on Luxembourg and the empty chair crisis (Luxembourg, 14 October 1965)
TextOn 14 October 1965, Pierre Pescatore, Secretary-General of the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign Affairs, sends a note to Georges Wagner, Luxembourg MP and President-in-Office of the Benelux Interparliamentary Consultative Council (CICB), in which he informs him of the efforts being made by Luxembourg, together with Belgium and the Netherlands, to find a positive solution to the empty chair crisis.
Positions of the Benelux Political Consultation Committee (COCOPO) on the empty chair crisis (Luxembourg, 5 November 1965)
TextOn 5 November 1966, Pierre Pescatore, Secretary-General of the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign Affairs, sends a note to the Luxembourg diplomatic missions in Europe and to some international organisations in which he gives an account of the discussions held on 27 October in Luxembourg between the Secretaries-General of the Foreign Ministries of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands on the political implications of the empty chair crisis.
Luxembourg Government reaction to the empty chair crisis (Luxembourg, 12 November 1965)
TextOn 12 November 1965, Pierre Werner, Luxembourg Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, informs the Belgian Foreign Minister, Paul-Henri Spaak, of the guiding principles of the Luxembourg Government regarding some of the issues raised by the empty chair crisis.
Address given by Pierre Werner on Luxembourg and the empty chair crisis (Luxembourg, 6 January 1966)
TextOn 6 January 1966, Pierre Werner, Luxembourg Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, gives an address to the Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies in which he outlines, in particular, the causes of the empty chair crisis and sets out the position adopted by his country in order to overcome the political and institutional tensions which have divided France and its European Community partners since 30 June 1965.
Address given by Pierre Werner to the European Parliament (20 January 1966)
TextOn 20 January 1966, in Strasbourg, taking part in an exchange of views between the Community institutions on the empty chair crisis, Pierre Werner, Luxembourg Foreign Minister and President-in-Office of the Council of Ministers of the European Communities, outlines the nature of the activities of the Council and the Communities since 30 June 1965, with particular regard to tariffs and agriculture. He then gives an account of the efforts made in Luxembourg on 17 and 18 January, by the Foreign Ministers of the Six, to resolve the crisis.
Reaktionen in den Niederlanden
Statement by the European Movement International on the empty chair crisis (Brussels, 19 July 1965)
TextOn 19 July 1965, the European Movement International publishes a statement in which it expresses its alarm at the deadlock in the European Economic Community and calls on the Council and the Heads of State or Government to work to find a solution to the crisis as quickly as possible.
‘The crisis’ from Nieuw Europa (July–August 1965)
TextIn its July–August 1965 edition, the Dutch magazine Nieuw Europa focuses on the direct and indirect causes of the empty chair crisis and outlines the implications of the financial and agricultural proposals put forward by the Commission of the European Economic Community (EEC).
"Deux approches" dans Nieuw Europa (Septembre 1965)
TextEn septembre 1965, Henri Brugmans, recteur du Collège d'Europe à Bruges et membre fondateur de l'Union européenne des fédéralistes (UEF), examine les causes profondes et les conséquences politiques de la crise de la chaise vide dans les colonnes du mensuel Nieuw Europa que publie la section néerlandaise du Mouvement européen.
"Plus loin sans la Franceº?" dans Nieuw Europa (Septembre 1965)
TextEn septembre 1965, le mensuel Nieuw Europa, publié par la section néerlandaise du Mouvement européen, reproduit l'analyse du baron Jean-Charles Snoy et d'Oppuers, président à Bruxelles de l'Institut royal des relations internationales (IRRI) et ancien président de la délégation belge à la conférence intergouvernementale de Val Duchesse pour la relance européenne, qui s'interroge sur les possibilités réelles de poursuivre l'Europe communautaire sans la France.
Speech by Joseph Maria Laurens Theo Cals (The Hague, 14 October 1965)
TextIn an address to the Second Chamber of the States General in The Hague on 14 October 1965, the Netherlands Prime Minister, Joseph Cals, calls for a rapid settlement to the empty chair crisis.
Address given by Joseph Luns to the European Parliament (Strasbourg, 20 January 1966)
TextOn 20 January 1966, in Strasbourg, taking part in an exchange of views between the Community institutions on the empty chair crisis, Joseph Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, outlines the Netherlands’ stance on the issue and gives an account of the efforts made in Luxembourg on 17 and 18 January, by the Foreign Ministers of the Six, to resolve the crisis.
Reaktionen im Vereinigten Königreich
Address given by Harold Wilson in the House of Commons (19 July 1965)
TextIn an address to the House of Commons on 19 July 1965, the British Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, expresses his hope that a rapid solution will be found to the internal crisis affecting the European Community and reaffirms the importance of political unity in Europe.
'The Five try to win back de Gaulle' from The Observer (24 October 1965)
TextOn 24 October 1965, the British daily newspaper The Observer outlines the efforts made by the five European partners to persuade France to take up its seat in the Council of Ministers once more, thereby putting an end to the empty chair crisis.
Reaktionen im Vereinigten Königreich
Interview mit Georges Berthoin (Paris, 22. Juli 2005) – Auszug: die Politik des leeren Stuhls aus britischer Sicht
VideoIn diesem Interview beschreibt Georges Berthoin, Delegationsleiter der Hohen Behörde der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl (EGKS) und später der Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften im Vereinigten Königreich bis 1973, die Haltung der britischen Behörden gegenüber der Politik des leeren Stuhls und dem Luxemburger Kompromiss in den Jahren 1965/1966.
Reaktionen in den Vereinigten Staaten
Reaktionen in der Sowjetunion
‘The pot boils over in Brussels' from Pravda (3 July 1965)
TextOn 3 July 1965, the Soviet daily newspaper Pravda reports on what is referred to as the ‘empty chair’ crisis which is paralysing the work of the Community institutions in Brussels.
'Uproar on "Avenue de la Joyeuse Entrée"' from Izvestia (13 July 1965)
TextOn 13 July 1965, the Soviet daily newspaper Izvestia reports on the decision taken by France not to attend any more intergovernmental meetings of Community bodies in Brussels until its demands relating to the common agricultural policy (CAP) have been met.