‘Forward, Comrades!’ In 1985, the cartoonist Behrendt sees Moscow’s new key man, Mikhail Gorbachev, as breaking away from the conservative ideology of his predecessors and arguing for an open, progressive policy.

On 17 June 1987, the French daily newspaper Le Monde speculates on the reality of glasnost, the new policy of transparency in the Soviet Union.

‘Ice-breaker Gorbachev.’ In 1988, the German cartoonist, Luis Murschetz, portrays the difficulties faced by Mikhail Gorbachev, the new First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, in his attempts at introducing economic and political reforms in the Soviet bloc as the basis for perestroika.

‘The womb from which the vile beast emerged is still fertile … (B. Brecht).' In March 1988, the German cartoonist, Horst Haitzinger, illustrates the threat posed by neo-Stalinists to the policy pursued by Mikhail Gorbachev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, for the introduction of a programme of political and economic reform — the basis of perestroika — in the Soviet Union.

On 28 May 1988, the French daily newspaper Le Monde outlines the political programme of the Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, who is seeking to transform the Soviet Union into a ‘Socialist State’.

On 24 August 1988, the British cartoonist, Michael Cummings, speculates on the ability of Mikhail Gorbachev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to bring his plan for reforms and transparency in the Soviet Union under control.

‘A brave man — but will he succeed?’ On 19 September 1989, Fritz Behrendt, a Dutch cartoonist originally from Berlin, illustrates the speculation of the United States and the European Community (EC) as to the chances of success of the political and economic reform programme known as perestroika introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Taking inspiration from Greek mythology, Fritz Behrendt depicts Gorbachev (on the right) as Hercules, who has to battle the Hydra, a monster with many heads, one of which is immortal. Here the Hydra symbolises the cumbersome bureaucracy of the Soviet system that has to be overcome.

On 26 November 1989, in an article published in the Communist daily newspaper Pravda, Mikhail Gorbachev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, explains the fundamental principles of his policies of perestroika and glasnost.

On 10 December 1989, Mikhail Gorbachev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, comments on the repercussions of perestroika on the satellite countries of the USSR. He recommends that the structures of the Warsaw Pact and of Comecon be strengthened and outlines relations with Western Europe and with the United States.

In 1989, a board game called ‘Glasnost’ is put on the market, proof of the new spirit of cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union.

In a report submitted on 2 July 1990 to the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), outlines the difficulties caused by perestroika and the changes which society must address.

Elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in October 1988 and then President of the Soviet Union in March 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev is responsible for initiating the series of economic and political reforms behind ‘glasnost’ (openness), introduced as part of ‘perestroika’ (restructuring).