The creation of the Soviet buffer zone
The political objectives of the Soviet Union
Cartoon by Illingworth on the creation of an area under Soviet influence on the European continent (16 June 1947)
ImageOn 16 June 1947, British cartoonist Leslie Gilbert Illingworth illustrates the threat represented by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, who is methodically trying to extend his area of influence in Central Europe to include the countries of Western Europe.
Cartoon by Low on the Soviet Union’s political designs (2 March 1948)
ImageIn March 1948, British cartoonist David Low illustrates the Communist threat facing the whole of Europe and deplores Moscow’s stranglehold on a number of countries including Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Bulgaria. From left to right, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov.
Address given by Paul-Henri Spaak: the foreign policy of the USSR (Luxembourg, 13 March 1948)
Audio extractOn 13 March 1948, in Luxembourg, Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgian Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, delivers an address during which he describes the nature of and the threats posed by the Soviet Union’s foreign policy.
The Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP) and the dangers of Communism (1949)
TextWith a view to the parliamentary elections due to be held on 9 October 1949 in Austria, the Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP) warns the country’s voters against the threat posed by the ‘Communist octopus’.
Cartoon on the Soviet Union’s political designs on Berlin (1 April 1950)
Image‘The stepfather: I already have enough children, but I like you so much that I’d like to adopt you.’ On 1 April 1950, the German daily newspaper Der Mittag illustrates the Soviets’ desire to take over West Berlin and extend their zone of influence in Central Europe.
'Peoples of the USSR stand up for peace' from Izvestia (12 October 1951)
TextOn 12 October 1951, the Russian daily newspaper Izvestia emphasises the positive action taken by the Soviet peoples and their leader, Joseph Stalin, to uphold peace in the world, and emphasises the determination of the Socialist States and the USSR to adhere to the commitments made in the Stockholm Appeal.
Cartoon by Simon on Soviet economic planning (9 June 1952)
Image‘Joseph the insatiable’. In June 1952, in the Luxembourg Socialist daily newspaper Tageblatt, the cartoonist Simon portrays the downside of Soviet economic planning.
Address given by Paolo Emilio Taviani (December 1952)
TextIn December 1952, Paolo Emilio Taviani, Junior Minister in the Italian Foreign Ministry, criticises the political aims of the Moscow leadership and describes European unification as a bulwark against the Communist threat.
Cartoon by Behrendt on the Molotov Plan
ImageAt the beginning of the Cold War, the ‘Molotov Plan — the definitive solution to all the world’s problems’ predicts that the world will evolve according to Communist and Soviet principles. Molotov was Soviet Foreign Minister from 1939 to 1949 and from 1953 to 1956.
‘Communism’ from the Luxemburger Wort (10 March 1953)
TextOn 10 March 1953, the Catholic daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort analyses the workings of the Communist ideology and warns the West against the latent dangers of Communism.
The military objectives of the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin, After Victory
TextOn 17 September 1946, Alexander Werth, correspondent for the British weekly newspaper The Sunday Times, asks Soviet General Joseph Stalin a series of questions on the international situation and the threat of a new war.
Explosion of the first Soviet atomic bomb (Kazakhstan, 29 August 1949)
ImageOn 29 August 1949, the Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb, a 22-kilotonne device tested at the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) in Kazakhstan.
‘Pandora's box' from Le Monde (25 September 1949)
TextOn 25 September 1949, the French daily newspaper Le Monde considers the implications for the West of the Soviet Union’s acquisition of atomic weapons and raises the issue of monitoring weapons of mass destruction.
'Military consequences of the Soviet atom bomb' from Il nuovo Corriere della Sera (4 October 1949)
TextOn 4 October 1949, the Italian daily newspaper Il nuovo Corriere della Sera considers the implications for the West of the Soviet Union’s acquisition of nuclear weapons and raises the spectre of possible nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Cartoon by Stig on the Soviet threat (April 1950)
Image‘Hey! Hey! Pull up these useless barriers and move them up to the front! We need to set up a joint barricade!’ In April 1950, the German cartoonist Stig calls on European countries to unite in order to counter the Soviet threat.
Cartoon by Simon about Staline (11 September 1951)
Image‘The angel of peace seeks a new battlefield — Joseph, the angel of peace: And now whose turn is it to be liberated?’ In September 1951, in the Socialist daily newspaper Tageblatt, the Luxembourg cartoonist Simon criticises the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin’s international policy.
Interview with Joseph Stalin (6 October 1951)
TextOn 6 October 1951, Joseph Stalin gives an interview to Pravda in which he responds to US criticism of the Soviet Union’s nuclear policy.
Poster published by the French movement Paix et Liberté against the policy of Stalin (1951)
Text‘Jo-Jo The Dove’. In 1951, the French anti-Communist movement Paix et Liberté (Peace and Liberty) publishes a poster condemning the true politico-military designs of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and placing particular emphasis on the figure’s bellicose nature.
Report on the Soviet armed forces (1954)
TextIn the midst of the Cold War, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) draws up a report on the development of the Soviet armed forces between 1947 and 1954 and highlights the threat of these forces to Western Europe.
Political agreements in Central and Eastern Europe
Political agreements in Central and Eastern Europe
The coup d'état in Czechoslovakia
"La Tchécoslovaquie en crise" dans Die Welt (24 février 1948)
TextLe 24 février 1948, le quotidien allemand Die Welt s'inquiète de la nouvelle position dominante des communistes au sein du gouvernement tchécoslovaque et s'interroge sur l'avenir de la Tchécoslovaquie.
'President Benes has given in to the demands of Mr Gottwald' from Le Monde (26 February 1948)
TextOn 26 February 1948, the French daily newspaper Le Monde recounts the events which took place the previous day in Prague and which led to the resignation of President Edvard Benes following pressure from Klement Gottwald supported by the Soviet Union.
'The new Czechoslovak Government' from the Luxemburger Wort (26 February 1948)
TextOn 26 February 1948, the Luxembourg daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort recounts the events of the ‘Prague Coup’, which gave Czechoslovak Communists the majority in Klement Gottwald’s Government at the expense of the Democrats led by Jan Masaryk.
‘The lesson of Prague’ from Il nuovo Corriere della Sera (26 February 1948)
TextOn 26 February 1948, drawing lessons from the ‘Prague coup’ which placed the Czechoslovak communists at the head of Klement Gottwald’s government to the detriment of the democrats led by Jan Masaryk, the Italian daily newspaper Il nuovo Corriere della Sera deplores Moscow’s stranglehold on the country and recalls the recent efforts for democratisation and openness in Czechoslovakia.
‘“Clean-up”’ operations in Czechoslovakia' from the Luxemburger Wort (27 February 1948)
TextOn 27 February 1948, the Luxembourg daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort comments on the purges carried out in Czechoslovakia by the new Government led by Klement Gottwald with a view to stabilising the Communist power structure.
'The sound of silence' from the Süddeutsche Zeitung (28 February 1948)
TextOn 28 February 1948, the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung speculates on the consequences of the ‘Prague Coup’ which culminates in the establishment of a Communist Government in Czechoslovakia led by Klement Gottwald.
Georges Bidault, From one Resistance to another: extract on the Prague coup
TextIn his memoirs, Georges Bidault, former French Foreign Minister, is concerned at the consequences of the ‘Prague coup’, which led to the Czech Communists seizing power from the democrats led by Jan Masaryk, and emphasises the threat that the USSR represents for Western Europe.
Crisis in Czechoslovakia (February 1948)
ImageIn February 1948, crowds demonstrate in the streets of Prague against the ‘Prague Coup’, during which the Communists, led by Klement Gottwald, sidelined the other political parties in the democratically elected Parliament and became the dominant power.
Front page of the Daily Mail on the events in Czechoslovakia (11 March 1948)
TextOn 11 March 1948, the British daily newspaper Daily Mail leads with the consequences of the ‘Prague coup’, which led to the establishment of a Communist government in Czechoslovakia led by Klement Gottwald, and speculates on the death in suspicious circumstances of the Czech Foreign Minister, Jan Masaryk, the previous day.
The situation in Eastern Europe
The Eastern bloc in Europe (1945-1956)
MapMap illustrating the growing influence of the Soviet Union in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
Cartoon by Low on Moscow’s policy regarding the countries of Eastern Europe (25 September 1945)
ImageOn 25 September 1945, British cartoonist David Low illustrates the concern of the Western powers at the fate reserved by the Soviet Union for the countries of Eastern Europe, and particularly criticises the bringing to heel of these countries by Moscow. From left to right: James Byrnes, US Secretary of State, Ernest Bevin, British Foreign Secretary, and Molotov, Soviet Foreign Minister.
'The situation in Hungary' from the Luxemburger Wort (6 June 1947)
TextOn 6 June 1947, the Luxembourg daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort considers the events in Hungary which have led to the ousting of the democratically elected government headed by Imre Nagy by the communist government of Matyas Rakosi.
‘Dictatorships in the East' from Le Monde (28 August 1947)
TextOn 28 August 1947, the French daily newspaper Le Monde deplores Communist repression in Bulgaria and in other Eastern European countries.
Cartoon by Simon on the end of freedom in the countries of Eastern Europe (2 April 1948)
Image‘Freedom.’ On 2 April 1948, the Luxembourg cartoonist Simon criticises Communist repression in the countries of Eastern Europe.
The situation in Eastern Europe
Statement by US Secretary of State Dean Acheson (9 February 1949)
TextOn 9 February 1949, Dean Acheson, US Secretary of State, makes a statement in which he deplores the ongoing trial of the Hungarian Cardinal, Jozsef Mindszenty, and condemns the totalitarian and police activities of the Communists in Hungary.
Guy Mollet, Eastern Europeans
TextIn December 1950, Guy Mollet, French Minister of State responsible for relations with the Council of Europe, publishes an article in the journal Notre Europe, in which he sets out his concerns as to the fate that the Soviet Union has in store for European countries behind the Iron Curtain.