‒ Born on 6 March 1932 in Warsaw, Poland. Died on 13 July 2008 in Nowy Tomysl, Poland

‒ Nationality: Polish

‒ PhD in History (1960)

‒ Director of the Centre for Polish Civilisation at the University of Paris (1960‒1965)

‒ Professor at the University of Warsaw (1965‒1980)

‒ Member and Adviser of the Solidarnosc trade union movement (1980‒1989)

‒ Member of the Polish Parliament (1989‒2001)

‒ Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee in the Polish Parliament (1989‒1997)

‒ Chairman of the Polish Constitutional Committee (1989‒1991)

‒ Polish Foreign Minister (1997‒2000)

‒ Member of the European Parliament (2004‒2008)

‒ Holder of the Chair of European Civilisation at the College of Europe, Natolin (2002‒2008)

‒ President of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe (2006‒2008)