The Fouchet Plans
The Fouchet Plans
The Fouchet Plans
TextThe run-up to the Fouchet Plans
Internal memorandum of the European Commission on General de Gaulle's proposals concerning the political co-operation of the Six (Brussels, 24 January 1961)
TextOn 24 January 1961, an internal memorandum outlines the discussions within the European Commission on France’s proposals concerning European political cooperation among the Six.
Press release issued by the Paris Summit (10 and 11 February 1961)
TextMeeting in Paris on 10 and 11 February 1961, the Heads of State or Government of the Six decide to establish an Intergovernmental Committee, to be chaired by the French diplomat, Christian Fouchet, with the task of submitting proposals on European political cooperation (EPC).
Memorandum from the Dutch Members of the High Authority and of the Commissions of the EEC and of Euratom (May 1961)
TextIn May 1961, the Dutch Members of the High Authority and of the Commissions of the EEC and of Euratom draw up a joint memorandum with a view to the Conference scheduled to be held in Bonn on 19 May but actually postponed to 18 July.
Report by the Study Committee on the problem of political cooperation (1961)
TextThe Fouchet Committee on European political cooperation, set up after the Paris Summit held on 10 and 11 February 1961, publishes its interim report on 19 October 1961.
Summary record of talks held between Paul-Henri Spaak and Eugène Schaus (3 June 1961)
TextOn 3 June 1961, Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgian Foreign Minister, holds talks with Eugène Schaus, Luxembourg Representative to the European Communities, on European political cooperation.
Letter from Albert Borschette to Eugène Schaus (19 June 1961)
TextOn 19 June 1961, Albert Borschette, Luxembourg representative to the European Communities, sends ,a letter to Eugène Schaus, Foreign Minister, in which he expresses his disappointment at the substance of Paul-Henri Spaak’s memorandum on European political cooperation.
Official communiqué adopted by the Heads of State or Government of the Six (Bonn, 18 July 1961)
TextOn 18 July 1961, at a meeting in Bad Godesberg, a suburb of Bonn, the Heads of State or Government of the Six reiterate their determination to continue their efforts to achieve political union in Europe.
Cartoon by HeKo on the efforts of France and Germany in favour of a political Europe: the meeting of the Six in Bad Godesberg (19 July 1961)
Bild‘Patience, Europa — everything takes time!’ On 19 July 1961, the day after the meeting of the Six in Bad Godesberg, Bonn, German cartoonist Herbert Kolfhaus illustrates the efforts of the Six to develop European political cooperation, particularly emphasising the role played by German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and French President de Gaulle in this process.
Resolution of the European Parliamentary Assembly on political cooperation between the Member States of the European Communities (19 September 1961)
TextOn 19 September 1961, the European Parliamentary Assembly adopts a resolution in which it emphasises the need for the establishment of political cooperation among the Six.
Draft treaties
Summary report of a meeting of the European Political Commission (19 October 1961)
TextOn 19 October 1961, during a meeting of the European Political Commission, France’s partners discuss the draft Treaty (Fouchet Plan I) submitted by Christian Fouchet, which provides for the establishment of an indissoluble Union of States based on intergovernmental cooperation and respect for the identity of peoples and of the Member States.
Draft Treaty — Fouchet Plan I (2 November 1961)
TextOn 19 October and 2 November 1961, in accordance with the task conferred upon it by the Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Six, in Bonn, on 18 July 1961, the Fouchet Committee submits a first Draft Treaty on European Political Union (Fouchet Plan I).
Report by the Political Commission on the draft Treaty establishing a Union of Peoples of Europe (18 December 1961)
TextIn December 1961, the Political Commission of the European Parliamentary Assembly presents its recommendations for the draft Treaty establishing a Union of Peoples of Europe.
Draft Treaty — Fouchet Plan II (18 January 1962)
TextOn 18 January 1962, the Fouchet Committee submits the second version of the Draft Treaty on European Political Union (Fouchet Plan II).
Summary report of the meeting of the European Political Commission (18 January 1962)
TextOn 18 January 1962, at the end of a meeting of the European Political Commission, a summary report sets out the reactions of France’s partners to the second version of the draft Treaty on European Political Union (Fouchet Plan II).
Alternative Treaty drawn up by France's five partners (20 January 1962)
TextOn 20 January 1962, having rejected the second version of the Fouchet Plan (Fouchet Plan II) submitted by France on 18 January 1962, France's five partners subsequently publish an alternative to the Treaty on European Political Union.
Summary report of the meeting of the European Political Commission (25 January 1962)
TextOn 25 January 1962, after a meeting of the European Political Commission, a summary report on negotiations on the Fouchet Plan (Fouchet Plan II) sets out the positions taken by the various European countries regarding the implementation of a Treaty on European Political Union.
Christian Fouchet
BildChristian Fouchet, French Ambassador to Denmark from 1958 to 1962 and Chairman of the Intergovernmental Committee set up by the Paris Summit of 10 and 11 February 1961 in order to draw up a plan for European political union.
Personal accounts from France
‘France will propose to its partners in the EEC a union to overturn the Alliance's structures' from Combat (3 November 1961)
TextOn 3 November 1961, the French daily newspaper Combat presents the main thrust of the Fouchet Plan for a draft Treaty on European Political Union.
‘Europe: an alternative' from Démocratie 62 (22 February 1962)
TextOn 22 February 1962, the French periodical Démocratie 62 analyses the reasons for the deadlock in negotiations over the Fouchet Plan and focuses on the conditions for a revival of political Europe.
‘The Europe of 1962: a plan for a union of nations’ from Le Figaro (6 March 1969)
TextOn 6 March 1969, in an article published in the French Conservative daily newspaper Le Figaro, Christian Fouchet, UDR MP and former Chairman of the Committee responsible for studying the plans for a political union of the Six, recalls the reasons for the failure of a political Europe.
Report by Christian Fouchet, published in Le Monde (11 April 1972)
TextIn April 1972, ten years after the failure of the Fouchet Plan, the French diplomat Christian Fouchet reports in the French daily newspaper Le Monde the reasons that resulted in the failure of an attempt to achieve political union in Europe.
Christian Fouchet, Memoirs of yesterday and tomorrow
TextIn his memoirs, Christian Fouchet recalls the reasons that led to the successive failure of the Fouchet Plans I and II on European political union and harshly criticises the disagreement among the Benelux partners.
Robert Marjolin, Meine Leidenschaft Europa
TextIn seinen Memoiren erwähnt Robert Marjolin die schwierigen Verhandlungen über das Projekt einer politischen Union Europas und erinnert an die eigentümliche Haltung der drei Partner der Benelux-Staaten.
Reactions from the partner countries
Letter from Albert Borschette to Eugène Schaus (8 November 1961)
TextOn 8 November 1961, Albert Borschette, Luxembourg Permanent Representative to the European Communities, sends his Foreign Minister a letter in which he considers the positions taken by Italy, Belgium and the Federal Republic of Germany regarding the French draft of the Treaty on European Political Union (Fouchet Plan II).
Reactions from the partner countries
‘The difficulties facing a political Europe' from Le Monde (27 November 1961)
TextOn 27 November 1961, the French daily newspaper Le Monde outlines the positions of France’s European partners on the implementation of a political Europe.
'From the Fouchet Plan to the Union of European Nations' from the Luxemburger Wort (22 December 1961)
TextOn 22 December 1961, the Luxembourg daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort focuses on the progress of the intergovernmental negotiations devoted to a consideration of the Fouchet Plan.
Lecture given by Henri Brugmans on the problems of European political integration (9 January 1962)
TextOn 9 January 1962, Henri Brugmans, Rector of the College of Europe in Bruges, delivers a lecture to the Strasbourg Institute of European Studies concerning the Fouchet Plan and the problems of European political integration.
Circular from Maurice Couve de Murville (Paris, 20 January 1962)
TextOn 20 January 1962, the French Foreign Minister, Maurice Couve de Murville, sends a circular to France’s diplomatic representatives informing them of the substance of the most recent meeting of the Committee studying plans for European political union, held on 18 January 1962.
'A meeting of the Heads of Government of the Six may be necessary' from Le Monde (23 January 1962)
TextOn 23 January 1962, the French daily newspaper Le Monde comments on the rejection by the Netherlands of the second plan for European political union (Fouchet Plan II).
Konrad Adenauer, Erinnerungen
TextIn seinen Erinnerungen kommt der deutsche Bundeskanzler Konrad Adenauer auf sein Treffen zurück mit Charles de Gaulle am 15. Februar 1962 und beschreibt das Drängen des französischen Staatspräsidenten auf die Verwirklichung einer europäischen politischen Union wie sie der Fouchet-Plan vorsieht.
Letter from Albert Borschette to Eugène Schaus (Brussels, 12 February 1962)
TextOn 12 February 1962, Albert Borschette, Luxembourg’s Permanent Representative to the European Communities, writes a letter to Eugène Schaus, Luxembourg Foreign Minister, setting out the institutional grounds which led France, on 18 January 1962, to propose a new project to its European partners (Fouchet Plan II) for a Union of European States which is less ambitious than the previous plans.
Albert Borschette
BildAlbert Borschette, Luxembourg Permanent Representative to the European Communities.
Note from Pierre Pescatore to the Luxembourg Prime Minister and Luxembourg Legations abroad (16 February 1962)
TextOn 16 February 1962, Pierre Pescatore, Political Director in the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry, drafts a note on the talks between General de Gaulle and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in Baden-Baden concerning European political cooperation.
'Plan for the unification of Europe' from the Deutsche Zeitung (17 February 1962)
TextOn 17 February 1962, the German daily newspaper Deutsche Zeitung outlines the progress of the intergovernmental negotiations devoted to a consideration of the Fouchet Plan.
Letter from Étienne de Crouy-Chanel to Maurice Couve de Murville (The Hague, 3 March 1962)
TextOn 3 March 1962, Étienne de Crouy-Chanel, French Ambassador to the Netherlands, informs Maurice Couve de Murville, French Foreign Minister, of the political reasons for the rejection of the Fouchet Plan by the Belgian and the Netherlands Governments.
Interview with Paul-Henri Spaak from Opera Mundi Europe (9 May 1962)
TextOn 9 May 1962, the French weekly newspaper Opera Mundi Europe publishes an interview with Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs, on the subject of a Political Europe.
Gerhard Schröder
PassThe failure of political Europe
Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires d'espoir
TextDans ses Mémoires, le général de Gaulle évoque les circonstances de l'échec final, le 17 avril 1962, des négociations Fouchet.
'Gerhard Schröder: Keep on negotiating' from Communauté européenne
TextOn 17 April 1962, following the meeting, in Paris, of the Foreign Ministers of the Six, in order to discuss the political organisation of Europe, Germany's Gerhard Schroeder makes a statement in which he encourages the continuation of the negotiations.
‘De Gaulle responsible for dividing the Six' from Corriere della Sera (19 April 1962)
TextOn 19 April 1962, the Italian daily newspaper Corriere della Sera analyses the reasons behind the failure of the diplomatic negotiations on the establishment of a European Political Union.
‘Some ideas for Europe' from Corriere della Sera (25 April 1962)
TextOn 25 April 1962, commenting on the failure of diplomatic negotiations over the Fouchet Plan II, the Italian daily newspaper Corriere della Sera argues in favour of an agreement between the Six on European Political Union.
Press conference held by Eugène Schaus (Luxembourg, 27 April 1962)
TextDuring a press conference held on 27 April 1962, the Luxembourg Minister for Foreign Affairs, Eugène Schaus, hopes that negotiations on a Political Europe will be resumed.
Press conference given by Charles de Gaulle (15 May 1962)
TextOn 15 May 1962, while answering journalists' questions on the failure of the Fouchet Plan, General de Gaulle attacks the theories of supranationality and Atlanticism in order, once again, to defend his vision of a Europe of States.
'European Political Union: Deadlock … or a fresh departure?' from the Courrier Socialiste Européen (May 1962)
TextIn May 1962, following the failure of the Paris Conference of ECSC Foreign Ministers, Fernand Dehousse comments, in an article published in the monthly Courrier socialiste européen, on the serious disagreements persisting between the Six with regard to the creation of a political Europe.
'Joseph Luns: It was time to say no' from Communauté européenne (May 1962)
TextIn May 1962, the monthly publication Communauté européenne prints an extract from the speech delivered by Joseph Luns, Netherlands Foreign Minister, on the day after the meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Six, held on 17 April 1962 in Paris, where they discussed a treaty on European political union.
Speech by Gerhard Schröder (Dortmund, 4 July 1962)
TextOn 4 July 1962, Gerhard Schröder, German Foreign Minister, delivers a speech at the Christian Democrat party (CDU) conference in Dortmund, in which he reiterates the importance of European political union
Konrad Adenauer, Erinnerungen
TextBei seinem offiziellen Staatsbesuch in Frankreich vom 2. bis 8. Juli 1962 diskutiert der deutsche Bundeskanzler Konrad Adenauer mit dem französischen Staatspräsidenten Charles de Gaulle über das Gelingen einer europäischen politischen Zusammenarbeit.
Herbert Blankenhorn, Insights and understandings
TextIn his diary, Herbert Blankenhorn, Diplomatic Adviser to Konrad Adenauer in the German Foreign Ministry and Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany to NATO from 1955 to 1959, writes a summary report on the negotiations for a European Political Union held in Paris from 16 to 18 April 1962.