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In the Benelux countries
Reactions in the Benelux countries
Reactions in Luxembourg
'The significance of the Schuman Plan' from the Luxemburger Wort (10 May 1950)
TextOn 10 May 1950, the Luxembourg daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort considers the various elements of the Schuman Declaration and the reactions to it in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States.
'A step towards European unity' from the Luxemburger Wort (10 May 1950)
TextOn 10 May 1950, the Luxembourg daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort considers the factors motivating Robert Schuman, French Foreign Minister, who published his plan for a European coal and steel pool the previous day.
'A new chapter in Franco-German relations' from the Luxemburger Wort (13 May 1950)
TextOn 13 May 1950, the Luxembourg daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort analyses reactions in Luxembourg and elsewhere to the proposal made by Robert Schuman that European coal and steel output should be pooled.
Note from the Luxembourg Iron and Steel Industries Group (23 May 1950)
TextOn 23 May 1950, the Groupement des industries sidérurgiques luxembourgeoises (GISL), an employers’ organisation involving the three Luxembourg iron and steel companies, namely ARBED, the S.A. des Hauts-Fourneaux et Aciéries de Differdange-St.Ingbert-Rumelange and Minière et Métallurgique de Rodange, speculates on the conditions in which the French ideas should be implemented.
Letter from the Luxembourg Embassy in Paris to the French Foreign Ministry (Paris, 31 May 1950)
TextOn 31 May 1950, the Luxembourg Embassy in Paris informs the French Foreign Ministry of the Luxembourg Government’s intention to participate in negotiations on the basis of the French proposal of 9 May for the establishment of a European coal and steel pool.
Note from the attaché of the Dutch Embassy in Luxembourg (3 February 1951)
TextOn 3 February 1951, the Dutch Embassy in Luxembourg drafts a note on the reactions of the general public in Luxembourg to the issues surrounding the Schuman Plan.
Reactions in the Netherlands
‘Steel and coal industries under one authority’ from Het Parool (10 May 1950)
TextOn 10 May 1950, the day after the Schuman Declaration, the Dutch daily newspaper Het Parool outlines the economic and political implications of the pooling of the coal and steel industries in Germany and France.
‘The outlook for Europe' from Het Vrije Volk (10 May 1950)
TextOn 10 May 1950, the day after the press conference held by Robert Schuman on the pooling of coal and steel in Europe, the Dutch daily newspaper Het Vrije Volk welcomes the French Government’s initiative.
‘French plan caused psychological shock' from Het Parool (13 May 1950)
TextOn 13 May 1950, the Dutch daily newspaper Het Parool considers the comments in France and the United Kingdom on the Schuman proposal to pool European coal and steel output and emphasises the surprise caused by the French plan.
'The Schuman Plan' from the Volkskrant (13 May 1950)
TextOn 13 May 1950, the Dutch daily newspaper De Volkskrant welcomes the announcement of the Schuman Plan which proposes that French and German coal and steel production be placed under the authority of a supranational European organisation.
‘The Schuman–Monnet Plan (1)’ from the Internationale Spectator (14 May 1950)
TextOn 14 May 1950, the Dutch journal Internationale Spectator gives a detailed analysis of the proposal of the French Foreign Minister, Robert Schuman, on the pooling of coal and steel in Europe.
‘The Schuman–Monnet Plan (2)’ from the Internationale Spectator (14 May 1950)
TextOn 14 May 1950, the Dutch journal Internationale Spectator gives a detailed analysis of the proposal of the French Foreign Minister, Robert Schuman, to pool coal and steel in Europe.
‘The French initiative' from the Vrij Nederland (20 May 1950)
TextOn 20 May 1950, the Dutch magazine Vrij Nederland speculates on the feasibility and differences of the Schuman Plan compared with the other initiatives for European integration currently under way.
Cartoon by Roc on the Schuman Plan (20 May 1950)
Bild‘Amor vincit Omnia (Love conquers all).’ On 20 May 1950, Roc, the Dutch cartoonist, depicts Franco-German harmony as a possible outcome of the proposal put forward by Robert Schuman, French Foreign Minister, that coal and steel production be pooled in Europe.
Note from the Netherlands Embassy to the French Foreign Ministry (Paris, 31 May 1950)
TextOn 31 May 1950, the Netherlands Embassy in Paris sends a note to the French Foreign Ministry accepting the invitation to take part in the forthcoming negotiations on the Schuman Plan.
Dirk Stikker, Men of Responsibility
TextIn his memoirs, Dirk Stikker, Netherlands Foreign Minister from 1948 to 1952, recalls the reaction in the Netherlands to the declaration made by Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950.
Johannes Linthorst Homan, Who are you??
TextIn his Memoirs, the Netherlands diplomat Johannes Linthorst Homan recalls the reaction of political circles in the Netherlands when informed about a French proposal that a supranational European organisation should be established to control German and French production of coal and steel.
Interview with Max Kohnstamm: the Declaration of 9 May 1950 (Fenffe, 11 May 2006)
VideoIn this interview, Max Kohnstamm, former Head of the German Office of the Netherlands Foreign Ministry, describes the circumstances in which he learnt of the Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950.
Reactions in Belgium
‘Mr Schuman’s vision: a combine for coal and steel' from Agence industrielle et économique (13 May 1950)
TextOn 13 May 1950, the Belgian journal Agence industrielle et économique outlines the scope of the French proposal, which aims to place German and French coal and steel output under the authority of a supranational European organisation.
‘Schuman versus our miners and metalworkers' from Le Drapeau Rouge (20 May 1950)
TextOn 20 May 1950, the Belgian Communist daily newspaper Le Drapeau Rouge condemns the threats that the Schuman Plan poses to the country's coal and steel industries.
'The Schuman Plan and Belgium' from La Libre Belgique (23 May 1950)
TextOn 23 May 1950, the daily newspaper La Libre Belgique publishes the declaration made by Belgian Foreign Minister Paul van Zeeland, who adopts a cautious view on the Schuman Plan.
The Robinson Report (May 1950)
TextEntrusted to an American engineering consultancy firm by the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), a body responsible for monitoring the use made of Marshall aid in Europe, the Robinson Report, published in May 1950, strongly criticises the management of the Belgian coal mines and advocates their modernisation.
Position de la sidérurgie belgo-luxembourgeoise à l'égard du plan Schuman (15 juin 1950)
TextLe 15 juin 1950, la sidérurgie belgo-luxembourgeoise commente la proposition française de placer la production allemande et française du charbon et de l'acier sous l'autorité d'une organisation européenne supranationale.
Note from the Dutch Embassy in Brussels (3 February 1951)
TextOn 3 February 1951, the Dutch Embassy in Brussels drafts a note which describes the reactions of the general public and the Belgian press to the issues surrounding the Schuman Plan.