In 1974, General António de Spínola, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Africa, is dismissed for having published his book entitled Portugal e o Futuro. Análise da conjuntura nacional [‘Portugal and the Future'] in which he advocates an end to the colonial wars. His dismissal incites military insurgents to take part in the coup d'état of 25 April 1974 and what becomes known as the ‘Carnation Revolution'.